Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing importance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification, which yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Thes

UHMWPE, acknowledged for its exceptional durability, has emerged as a driving force in the field of medical applications. Its outstanding biocompatibility and low friction coefficient contribute to UHMWPE an ideal choice for a wide range of implants, prosthetics, and surgical devices. Furthermore, its resistance to wear and tear ensures long-term

Sputtering is a vital technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, in particular, has emerged as a leading method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with accurate thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, ejecting atoms that then depos